Руководство Android External Storage

Android External Storage
Пример чтения/записи файлов на внешем хранилище
Приложение: Дизайн интерфейса

1. Android External Storage

Android External Storage: это внешнее хранилище Android, к файлам которые вы храните здесь не применяется система безопасности.

Обычно имеется 2 вида внешнего хранилища (external storage).

Фиксированное внешнее хранилище: Обычно понимается как жесткий диск телефона.
Съемное хранилище (Removeable Storage): Например SD Card.

Используя статический метод класса Environment вы можете получить информацию папки внешнего хранилища.

Это таблица результатов при запуске на эмуляторе (emulator):

Method	Returns
getDataDirectory()	/data
getDownloadCacheDirectory()	/cache
getExternalStorageState()	mounted
getExternalStoragePublicDirectory(Environment.Music):	/storage/emulated/0/Music
getDownloadCacheDirectory()	/cache
getRootDirectory()	/system

Чтобы прочитать/записать данные на внешнем хранилище, требуется конфигурация AndroidManifest.xml, добавьте:

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>

С Android Level >= 23 чтобы прочитать/записать данные на внешнем хранилище, вам нужно спросить пользователя, используя код. (Смотрите в примере).

Android API Level < 29

С Android API Level < 29, приложения могут храгить свои данные во внешнем хранилище (External Storage), точнее в папке ниже (или в подпапках).

if (android.os.Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < 29) {

     // ==>  /storage/emulated/0    (Emulator)
     File dir = Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory();

}

Метод хранения упомянутый выше может привести к конфликту между разными приложениями, потому что все эти приложения могут хранить свои данные в одной и той же папке (или подпапках), более того если вы удалите (uninstall) одно приложение, данные созданные этим приложением будут так же существовать во внешнем хранилище.

Android API Level 29+

С Android API 29+, каждое приложение будет хранить свои данные в разных папках во внешнем хранилище. Когда пользователь удаляет приложение, все созданные им данные так же будут удалены.

if (android.os.Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 29) {

     // ==> /storage/emulated/0/Android/data/org.o7planning.externalstoragedemo/files
     File dir = this.getExternalFilesDir(null);

}

Использование Android Device File Explorer

Данный сlass может быть вам полезным при работе с внешим хранилищем:

ExternalStorageUtils

package org.o7planning.externalstoragedemo.utils;

import android.content.Context;
import android.os.Build;
import android.os.Environment;
import android.os.StatFs;

import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi;

import java.io.File;

public class ExternalStorageUtils {

    // Check whether the external storage is mounted or not.
    public static boolean isExternalStorageMounted() {

        String dirState = Environment.getExternalStorageState();
        if(Environment.MEDIA_MOUNTED.equals(dirState))
        {
            return true;
        }else
        {
            return false;
        }
    }

    // Check whether the external storage is read only or not.
    public static boolean isExternalStorageReadOnly() {

        String dirState = Environment.getExternalStorageState();
        if(Environment.MEDIA_MOUNTED_READ_ONLY.equals(dirState))
        {
            return true;
        }else
        {
            return false;
        }
    }


    // Get private external storage base directory.
    public static String getPrivateExternalStorageBaseDir(Context context, String dirType)
    {
        String ret = "";
        if(isExternalStorageMounted()) {
            File file = context.getExternalFilesDir(dirType);
            ret = file.getAbsolutePath();
        }
        return ret;
    }

    // Get private cache external storage base directory.
    public static String getPrivateCacheExternalStorageBaseDir(Context context)
    {
        String ret = "";
        if(isExternalStorageMounted()) {
            File file = context.getExternalCacheDir();
            ret = file.getAbsolutePath();
        }
        return ret;
    }


    // Get public external storage base directory.
    public static String getPublicExternalStorageBaseDir()
    {
        String ret = "";
        if(isExternalStorageMounted()) {
            File file = Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory();
            ret = file.getAbsolutePath();
        }
        return ret;
    }

    // Get public external storage base directory.
    public static String getPublicExternalStorageBaseDir(String dirType)
    {
        String ret = "";
        if(isExternalStorageMounted()) {
            File file = Environment.getExternalStoragePublicDirectory(dirType);
            ret = file.getAbsolutePath();
        }
        return ret;
    }

    // Get external storage disk space, return MB
    @RequiresApi(api = Build.VERSION_CODES.JELLY_BEAN_MR2)
    public static long getExternalStorageSpace() {
        long ret = 0;
        if (isExternalStorageMounted()) {
            StatFs fileState = new StatFs(getPublicExternalStorageBaseDir());

            // Get total block count.
            long count = fileState.getBlockCountLong();

            // Get each block size.
            long size = fileState.getBlockSizeLong();

            // Calculate total space size
            ret = count * size / 1024 / 1024;
        }
        return ret;
    }

    // Get external storage left free disk space, return MB
    @RequiresApi(api = Build.VERSION_CODES.JELLY_BEAN_MR2)
    public static long getExternalStorageLeftSpace() {
        long ret = 0;
        if (isExternalStorageMounted()) {
            StatFs fileState = new StatFs(getPublicExternalStorageBaseDir());

            // Get free block count.
            long count = fileState.getFreeBlocksLong();

            // Get each block size.
            long size = fileState.getBlockSizeLong();

            // Calculate free space size
            ret = count * size / 1024 / 1024;
        }
        return ret;
    }

    // Get external storage available disk space, return MB
    @RequiresApi(api = Build.VERSION_CODES.JELLY_BEAN_MR2)
    public static long getExternalStorageAvailableSpace() {
        long ret = 0;
        if (isExternalStorageMounted()) {
            StatFs fileState = new StatFs(getPublicExternalStorageBaseDir());

            // Get available block count.
            long count = fileState.getAvailableBlocksLong();

            // Get each block size.
            long size = fileState.getBlockSizeLong();

            // Calculate available space size
            ret = count * size / 1024 / 1024;
        }
        return ret;
    }
}

2. Пример чтения/записи файлов на внешем хранилище

Create a project named ExternalStorageDemo.

File > New > New Project > Empty Activity
- Name: ExternalStorageDemo
- Package name: org.o7planning.externalstoragedemo
- Language: Java

AndroidManifest.xml configuration allows read and write data on the external storage memory.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>

Full content of AndroidManifest.xml:

AndroidManifest.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    package="org.o7planning.externalstoragedemo">

    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>

    <application
        android:allowBackup="true"
        android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
        android:label="@string/app_name"
        android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"
        android:supportsRtl="true"
        android:theme="@style/AppTheme">
        <activity android:name=".MainActivity">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />

                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
    </application>

</manifest>

The application interface:

Если вас интересуют шаги дизайна интерфейса данного приложения, смотрите приложение в конце статьи.

activity_main.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".MainActivity">

    <EditText
        android:id="@+id/editText"
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_height="48dp"
        android:layout_marginStart="16dp"
        android:layout_marginLeft="16dp"
        android:layout_marginTop="19dp"
        android:layout_marginEnd="16dp"
        android:layout_marginRight="16dp"
        android:ems="10"
        android:inputType="textPersonName"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />

    <LinearLayout
        android:id="@+id/linearLayout"
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_marginStart="16dp"
        android:layout_marginLeft="16dp"
        android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
        android:layout_marginEnd="16dp"
        android:layout_marginRight="16dp"
        android:orientation="horizontal"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/editText">

        <Button
            android:id="@+id/button_save"
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:layout_weight="0"
            android:text="Save" />

        <Button
            android:id="@+id/button_read"
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:layout_weight="0"
            android:text="Read" />

        <Button
            android:id="@+id/button_list"
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:layout_weight="0"
            android:text="List Dirs" />
    </LinearLayout>

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/textView"
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_height="0dp"
        android:layout_marginStart="16dp"
        android:layout_marginLeft="16dp"
        android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
        android:layout_marginEnd="16dp"
        android:layout_marginRight="16dp"
        android:layout_marginBottom="16dp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/linearLayout" />
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

MainActivity.java

package org.o7planning.externalstoragedemo;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
import androidx.core.app.ActivityCompat;

import android.Manifest;
import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.Environment;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    private EditText editText;
    private TextView textView;
    private Button saveButton;
    private Button readButton;
    private Button listButton;

    private static final String LOG_TAG = "ExternalStorageDemo";


    private static final int REQUEST_ID_READ_PERMISSION = 100;
    private static final int REQUEST_ID_WRITE_PERMISSION = 200;

    private final String fileName = "note.txt";

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        editText = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.editText);
        textView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.textView);

        saveButton = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button_save);
        readButton = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button_read);
        listButton = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button_list);

        saveButton.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {

            @Override
            public void onClick(View arg0) {
                askPermissionAndWriteFile();
            }

        });

        readButton.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {

            @Override
            public void onClick(View arg0) {
                askPermissionAndReadFile();
            }

        });

        listButton.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {

            @Override
            public void onClick(View arg0) {
                listExternalStorages();
            }

        });
    }

    private void askPermissionAndWriteFile() {
        boolean canWrite = this.askPermission(REQUEST_ID_WRITE_PERMISSION,
                Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE);
        if(!canWrite)  {
            Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),
                    "You do not allow this app to write files.", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
            return;
        }
        //
         this.writeFile();
    }

    private void askPermissionAndReadFile() {
        boolean canRead = this.askPermission(REQUEST_ID_READ_PERMISSION,
                Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE);
        //
        if (!canRead) {
            Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),
                    "You do not allow this app to read files.", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
            return;
        }
        //
        this.readFile();
    }

    // With Android Level >= 23, you have to ask the user
    // for permission with device (For example read/write data on the device).
    private boolean askPermission(int requestId, String permissionName) {


        Log.i(LOG_TAG, "Ask for Permission: " + permissionName);
        Log.i(LOG_TAG, "Build.VERSION.SDK_INT: " + android.os.Build.VERSION.SDK_INT);

        if (android.os.Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 23) {

            // Check if we have permission
            int permission = ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, permissionName);

            Log.i(LOG_TAG, "permission: " + permission);
            Log.i(LOG_TAG, "PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED: " + PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED);

            if (permission != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
                // If don't have permission so prompt the user.
                this.requestPermissions(
                        new String[]{permissionName},
                        requestId
                );
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }


    // As soon as the user decides, allows or doesn't allow.
    @Override
    public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode,
                                           String permissions[], int[] grantResults) {

        super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);
        //
        // Note: If request is cancelled, the result arrays are empty.
        if (grantResults.length > 0) {
            switch (requestCode) {
                case REQUEST_ID_READ_PERMISSION: {
                    if (grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
                        readFile();
                    }
                }
                case REQUEST_ID_WRITE_PERMISSION: {
                    if (grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
                        writeFile();
                    }
                }
            }
        } else {
            Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Permission Cancelled!", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
        }
    }

    // IMPORTANT!!
    public File getAppExternalFilesDir()  {
        if (android.os.Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 29) {
            // /storage/emulated/0/Android/data/org.o7planning.externalstoragedemo/files
            return this.getExternalFilesDir(null);
        } else {
            // @Deprecated in API 29.
            // /storage/emulated/0
            return Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory();
        }
    }


    private void writeFile() {
        try {
            File extStore = this.getAppExternalFilesDir( );

            boolean canWrite = extStore.canWrite();
            Log.i(LOG_TAG, "Can write: " + extStore.getAbsolutePath()+" : " + canWrite);

            // ==> /storage/emulated/0/note.txt  (API < 29)
            // ==> /storage/emulated/0/Android/data/org.o7planning.externalstoragedemo/files/note.txt (API >=29)
            String path = extStore.getAbsolutePath() + "/" + fileName;
            Log.i(LOG_TAG, "Save to: " + path);

            String data = editText.getText().toString();
            Log.i(LOG_TAG, "Data: " + data);


            File myFile = new File(path);
            FileOutputStream fOut = new FileOutputStream(myFile);
            fOut.write(data.getBytes("UTF-8"));
            fOut.close();

            Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), fileName + " saved", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Write Error:" + e.getMessage(), Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
            Log.e(LOG_TAG, "Write Error: " + e.getMessage());
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    private void readFile() {

        File extStore = this.getAppExternalFilesDir();

        // ==> /storage/emulated/0/note.txt  (API < 29)
        // ==> /storage/emulated/0/Android/data/org.o7planning.externalstoragedemo/note.txt (API >=29)
        String path = extStore.getAbsolutePath() + "/" + fileName;
        Log.i(LOG_TAG, "Read file: " + path);

        String s = "";
        String fileContent = "";
        try {
            File myFile = new File(path);
            FileInputStream fIn = new FileInputStream(myFile);
            BufferedReader myReader = new BufferedReader(
                    new InputStreamReader(fIn));

            while ((s = myReader.readLine()) != null) {
                fileContent += s + "\n";
            }
            myReader.close();

            this.textView.setText(fileContent);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Read Error:" + e.getMessage(), Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
            Log.e(LOG_TAG, "Read Error: " + e.getMessage());
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), fileContent, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
    }

    private void listExternalStorages() {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

        sb.append("Data Directory: ").append("\n - ")
                .append(Environment.getDataDirectory().toString()).append("\n");

        sb.append("Download Cache Directory: ").append("\n - ")
                .append(Environment.getDownloadCacheDirectory().toString()).append("\n");

        sb.append("External Storage State: ").append("\n - ")
                .append(Environment.getExternalStorageState().toString()).append("\n");

        sb.append("External Storage Directory: ").append("\n - ")
                .append(Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory().toString()).append("\n");

        sb.append("Is External Storage Emulated?: ").append("\n - ")
                .append(Environment.isExternalStorageEmulated()).append("\n");

        sb.append("Is External Storage Removable?: ").append("\n - ")
                .append(Environment.isExternalStorageRemovable()).append("\n");

        sb.append("External Storage Public Directory (Music): ").append("\n - ")
                .append(Environment.getExternalStoragePublicDirectory(Environment.DIRECTORY_MUSIC).toString()).append("\n");

        sb.append("Download Cache Directory: ").append("\n - ")
                .append(Environment.getDownloadCacheDirectory().toString()).append("\n");

        sb.append("Root Directory: ").append("\n - ")
                .append(Environment.getRootDirectory().toString()).append("\n");

        Log.i(LOG_TAG, sb.toString());
        this.textView.setText(sb.toString());
    }

}